African elephants (Loxodonta africana) require approximately 40 to 60 gallons (150 to 220 liters) of water daily to maintain their health. They obtain this water from various sources, including open water bodies and wells dug in sandy riverbeds. Additionally, elephants…

Freshwater seepages occur along drainage lines on beaches, where the water table meets the sea. These seepages are fed by freshwater supplies from inland, and the land beyond the sea is naturally higher than sea level, causing freshwater to flow…

Larger herbivores in African savannas formed game trails by regular use over eons of years and many, many generations. These trails are connecting water sources, plus feeding- and bedding areas within their home range. And for few of them they…

Tetracera alnifolia (Dilleniaceae); Synonym T. alnifolia subsp. alnifolia; Common names Kiziazi, nziazi, nziazia (Kongo), liane à eau (Fr.), water tree Description A woody creeper up to 20 m long and up to 10 cm. in diameter. Leaves are 4 -…

Rumen fluid is a greenish colored liquid substance with an aromatic and slightly sour smell. This fluid is uniformly distributed in the rumen of antelopes and is mixed with grazing or browsing roughage as well as fermentation gases and bioactive…

The Double-banded Sandgrouse (Pterocles bicinctus) is commonly and colloquially called by its abbreviation ‘DBSG’ in Southern Africa. Its main distribution area is the savanna biome and especially Mopani Bushveld. There are three more species of sandgrouses in Southern Africa, all…

Letaba Ranch, Limpopo province, South Africa; Elephants are a kind of dung producing machines African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the wild are foraging about 150 – 180 kg plant material per day. And they also drink about 350 liters of…

Where to dig One of the most important techniques of finding drinkable water in Southern African natural environments is digging for water in areas which are holding water underground. These water holding structures can be situated next to an open…